The origin of
spirits is something that's been troubling my mind lately too. For me, more specifically the spirits that inhabit the bodies of
Orcs, where do they come from? Are they reborn spirits of
Elves that shunned the light from the beginning? Are they
Elf spirits that, by cruel twist of fate, have become bound to an
Orc form?
Here's my short post on the external, smoke filled, roller-coaster-ride history of Orcs.
The following can be used as a sleep aid!
__________
1916-17 (
Fall of Gondolin, later read at Exeter College in 1920): Melko made the Orcs
'bred of subterranean heats and slime' and they were the
'foul broodlings of Melko'
1920s Tolkien was largely concerned with poetry in these years. His poetry includes references to orcs, but not necessarily any that indicate origin. Or that is, I'm too lazy at the moment to try and find any such references.
1930 (Qenta Noldorinwa): the
Dark Lord now makes Orcs
'of stone' with
'hearts of hatred'
Mid to late 1930s (
Quenta Silmarillion)
Melkor still makes Orcs:
'yet the Orcs were not made until he had looked upon the Elves.' (...)
'The Orcs Morgoth made in envy and mockery of the Elves, and they were made of stone, but their hearts of hatred.'
1940s and finishing up
The Lord of the Rings: Tolkien, perhaps while writing
The Lord of the Rings, possibly shifts from Morgoth creating Orcs to Morgoth needing to pervert something already living -- as
Frodo thinks might be the case -- although right now I'm unable to exactly date this passage from Frodo (The
Tower of Cirith Ungol):
'No, they eat and drink Sam. The Shadow that bred them can only mock, it cannot make: not real new things of its own. I don't think it gave life to the orcs, it only ruined them and twisted them;...' Appendix F merely states that the orcs were first 'bred' by the Dark Power in the Elder Days. Also
Treebeard notes a few things that might speak to chronology, but I'll ignore these here.
early 1950s in
The Annals of Aman as first written Melkor still
'made' orcs from something, but the idea now enters 'Silmarillion related texts' that Melkor cannot create a true living being, as the Elf
Pengolod will argue -- and a darker tale is noted among
the Wise of Eressea, one that says Morgoth captured and perverted Elves, twisting them into orcs.
Christopher Tolkien chose this idea for the 1977 Silmarillion -- along with other texts from this 'phase' of writing incidentally.
1954 in both letter 144 and (draft) letter 153 Tolkien essentially explains that Morgoth cannot create a spirit, and the orcs are corruptions -- leaving open the possibility of other kinds of makings, which would be puppet-like by comparison.
later 1950s (or around this time anyway): Tolkien will question whether it could be true that Orcs were actually Elves in origin, and if they could be 'immortal' if so, for example, and he writes various origins in order to figure out things. I'll call these (collectively) the
Myths Transformed Orc-related Essays, and use Christopher Tolkien's numbering of the texts. The various ideas include:
A)
Orcs possibly created out of the discords of the music (text VII). Tolkien writes:
'Hence Orcs? Part of the Elf-Man idea gone wrong. Though as for Orcs the Eldar believed that Morgoth had actually 'bred' them by capturing Men (and Elves) early and increasing to the utmost any corrupt tendencies they possessed.'
B)
Orcs created from beasts; also some Maiar early on (Text VIII) -- possibly an
Elvish element too, but seemingly JRRT then reverts to orcs simply being perverted beasts.
C)
Orcs from Elves (probably later from Men), some Maiar early on (text IX)
D)
Orcs created from Men, some Maiar early on (text X) in this essay, soon
after Morgoth's return he will have a great number of Orcs to command -- as it was left to
Sauron to produce great numbers of Orcs (from Men) while Morgoth was in captivity.
Tolkien is aware that he will need to adjust the existing chronology in order to allow the possibility of this origin from Men.
1969 or later two notes on Orcs now accompany one copy of text X -- that is, the Orcs from Men essay (or D above)
1) one of these notes carries a statement that denies an essential conception found in D -- and I have tried to explain this conception under D above -- the denial hails from the detail that this later note suggests Morgoth had great numbers of Orcs at the height of his power and still after his return from captivity. And to muddy things further here, this may be a draft version for a variant passage that does not include this detail!
2) this short note concerns the spelling of the word orc: here Tolkien notes that he will spell it
ork -- just as he had noted in text IX (or C above), where Orcs were from Elves (and 'probably later also of Men').
I think Christopher Tolkien's point with these notes is that they
might throw some measure of doubt upon the seemingly 'final' idea that 'regular Orcs' were bred from Men (text X). That said, there is another late text which appears to have Elves stating that Men are the source for Orcs:
Late text (lacks date other than final period of Tolkien's writings): author's note (note 5) to
The Druedain:
'To the unfriendly who, not knowing them well, declared that Morgoth must have bred the Orcs from such a stock the Eldar answered: 'Doubtless Morgoth, since he can make no living thing, bred Orcs from various kinds of Men, but the Druedain must have escaped his shadow;...'
I can't really tell if this description is later or earlier than the two notes dated 1969 or later.
Again, that's the short version
