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Why is Denethor mad with Faramir???

I am not sure there is any evidence in the book for Denethor being reluctant to hand over rule to the returning king (though plenty in the film). The book does indicate that Boromir might have been a problem, but the dialogue between Boromir and Denethor in the Appendix about how long it would take before the Steward could call himself King makes me believe that Denethor would indeed have given up the throne to one he considered the rightful heir. His mind had become deranged because he had gazed into the palantir; receiving the despair that Saurman fed him, not in any way because his place as ruler of Gondor was threatened by the return of the King.
 
From Return of the King: The Pyre of Denethor
Then suddenly Denethor laughed. He stood up tall and proud again, and stepping swiftly back to the table he lifted from it the pillow on which his head had lain. Then coming to the doorway he drew aside the covering, and lo! he had between his hands a Palantír. And as he held it up, it seemed to those that looked on that the globe began to glow with an inner flame, so that the lean face of the Lord was lit as with a red fire, and it seemed cut out of hard stone, sharp with black shadows, noble, proud, and terrible. His eyes glittered.
'Pride and despair!' he cried. 'Didst thou think that the eyes of the White Tower were blind? Nay, I have seen more than thou knowest, Grey Fool. For thy hope is but ignorance. Go then and labour in healing! Go forth and fight! Vanity. For a little space you may triumph on the field, for a day. But against the Power that now arises there is no victory. To this City only the first finger of its hand has yet been stretched. All the East is moving. And even now the wind of thy hope cheats thee and wafts up Anduin a fleet with black sails. The West has failed. It is time for all to depart who would not be slaves.'
'Such counsels will make the Enemy's victory certain indeed,' said Gandalf.
'Hope on then!' laughed Denethor. 'Do I not know thee, Mithrandir? Thy hope is to rule in my stead, to stand behind every throne, north, south, or west. I have read thy mind and its policies. Do I not know that you commanded this halfling here to keep silence? That you brought him hither to be a spy within my very chamber? And yet in our speech together I have learned the names and purpose of all thy companions. So! With the left hand thou wouldst use me for a little while as a shield against Mordor, and with the right bring up this Ranger of the North to supplant me.
'But I say to thee, Gandalf Mithrandir, I will not be thy tool! I am Steward of the House of Anárion. I will not step down to be the dotard chamberlain of an upstart. Even were his claim proved to me, still he comes but of the line of Isildur. I will not bow to such a one, last of a ragged house long bereft of lordship and dignity.'
'What then would you have,' said Gandalf, 'if your will could have its way?'
'I would have things as they were in all the days of my life,' answered Denethor, 'and in the days of my longfathers before me: to be the Lord of this City in peace, and leave my chair to a son after me, who would be his own master and no wizard's pupil. But if doom denies this to me, then I will have naught: neither life diminished, nor love halved, nor honour abated.'
I think that is enough evidence of Denethor's views on this.
 
King Aragorn said:
Excellent point Gothmog. What page is that excerpt from?
Conceded! Can't argue with the book. Though I believe Denethor's last thoughts and ravings were probably courtesy of Sauron, and that in his right mind (as he was in his dialogue with Boromir) he would have ceded the throne to the rightful heir (though who could say if he would ever have recovered his right mind, had he not perished?)
 
King Aragorn said:
Excellent point Gothmog. What page is that excerpt from?
It is on pages 152 - 153 of the 1993 edition from HarperCollins The Return of the King.

Though I believe Denethor's last thoughts and ravings were probably courtesy of Sauron, and that in his right mind (as he was in his dialogue with Boromir) he would have ceded the throne to the rightful heir (though who could say if he would ever have recovered his right mind, had he not perished?)
While it is true that these thoughts were in part due to Sauron, the feeling was, I suspect, there from very early and Sauron simply made them stronger. What Denethor would have been like in this situation had he not used the Palantir, we will never know.
 
Denethor himself had never got along with Gandalf. One of the things which alienated him from Aragorn was him telling Ecthelion to become friendly with Gandalf rather then Saruman.

Denethor's words echoed Sauron's thoughts on the role of the Istari in Middle-Earth. He saw them as being some kind of colonisers sent by the Valar to sound out, or colonize Middle-Earth.

Sauron had not served Morgoth, even in his last stages, without becoming infected by his lust for destruction, and his hatred of God (which must end in nihilism). Sauron could not, of course, be a 'sincere' atheist. Though one of the minor spirits created before the world, he knew Eru, according to his measure. He probably deluded himself with the notion that the Valar (including Melkor) having failed, Eru had simply abandoned Eä, or at any rate Arda, and would not concern himself with it any more. It would appear that he interpreted the 'change of the world' at the Downfall of Númenor, when Aman was removed from the physical world, in this sense: Valar (and Elves) were removed from effective control, and Men under God's curse and wrath. If he thought about the Istari, especially Saruman and Gandalf, he imagined them as emissaries from the Valar, seeking to establish their lost power again and 'colonize' Middle-earth, as a mere effort of defeated imperialists (without knowledge or sanction of Eru). His cynicism, which (sincerely) regarded the motives of Manwë as precisely the same as his own, seemed fully justified in Saruman. Gandalf he did not understand. But certainly he had already become evil, and therefore stupid, enough to imagine that his different behaviour was due simply to weaker intelligence and lack of firm masterful purpose. He was only a rather cleverer Radagast - cleverer, because it is more profitable (more productive of power) to become absorbed in the study of people than of animals.
Myths Transformed

His anti line of Isildur rant was a result of the anti-Arnorian stance which some of the Gondorian aristocrats held. The argument of the line may have began after the death of Onodher, and the Gondorian aristocrats (rightfully) rejected Arvedui's claim, one the count of 1. Isildur bequeathed the kingship to the line of Isildur and 2. the salic law. But of course Arvedui states that Isildur was still "high king" but of course that title had long lost it's meaning, and it would be better to appoint a popular victor of war and descendant of Anarion as king.
 

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